Ethics of Peer Review

Reviewers must treat manuscripts as confidential documents and may not use information from them for personal advantage. Reviewers should provide clear, constructive, and unbiased feedback. Any potential conflicts of interest must be disclosed prior to accepting a review assignment. Inappropriate or disrespectful review practices are not tolerated.

Research Integrity

All research involving human participants must comply with recognized ethical standards (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki) and have received approval from an appropriate ethics committee or institutional review board. Research involving animals must follow internationally accepted guidelines for humane treatment. Authors must provide a statement of ethics approval and, where appropriate, informed consent from participants. Clinical trials must be registered in a recognized trial registry.

Data Sharing & Transparency

Authors must provide sufficient methodological detail to allow replication of results. A data availability statement is required for all submissions. Where applicable, datasets, code, and materials should be deposited in trusted repositories and cited in the manuscript. Authors are encouraged to submit supplementary materials to enhance transparency and reproducibility.

Open Access & Licensing

The journal publishes all articles under an open access model to ensure global accessibility. Articles are licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY or equivalent), allowing wide dissemination and reuse with appropriate attribution. Authors retain copyright to their work while granting the journal the right to publish. Any Article Processing Charges (APCs), if applicable, are clearly stated at the time of submission.

Corrections & Retractions

Errors will be corrected via errata, and serious issues may lead to retractions, following COPE guidelines. Expressions of concern may be issued during investigations.

Conflicts of Interest

The journal is committed to maintaining the integrity of the academic record. Errors identified after publication will be corrected through errata or corrigenda notices. Articles may be retracted in cases of research misconduct, major errors, or ethical violations, following COPE guidelines. Expressions of concern may be issued while an investigation is ongoing.

Complaints & Appeals

The journal provides a transparent process for handling complaints and appeals. Authors may appeal editorial decisions by submitting a written explanation. Appeals are reviewed by an independent editorial board member. Complaints regarding ethical concerns, editorial conduct, or publication practices will be investigated promptly and fairly, in accordance with COPE guidelines.

Editorial Independence

The editorial team operates independently of the publisher and external influences. Decisions on manuscripts are based solely on academic merit and relevance to the journal’s scope. The publisher supports editorial independence and integrity in all aspects of the review and publication process.